Knowledge Management in Practice

Chapter 6^th of the book, “Knowledge Management (KM) in processes in Organization : Theoretical Foundations and Practice” that written by Claire R. Mc Inerney.

In order to protect ‘knowledge management’, there are three types of generally considered to be essential: finding or uncovering knowledge, sharing knowledge, and the development of the new knowledge. Finding information or knowledge refers to that allow organizations to make sense and make use of data, information, and knowledge objects that may be present but are not codified, analyzed, nor accessible to members. In the knowledge development, the members have to share their knowledge, its purpose to deploy the knowledge. So if any members who quit from the project or organization, people who handle his job can continue it with more easily. With technology, the knowledge is more easily recorded and managed than manual record operation. So, the knowledge developing process, can be more effective and efficient, it caused, organization just continue develop knowledge that have found by the members, although, the member have finished his contract.

After the knowledge have developed, organization in implement that knowledge to do their task, organization also have to audit the knowledge. Some of the reasons for and benefits of an information audit include:

1.      The elucidation of what information the organization possesses: wher it is located? How is it organized? How can it be accessed? Who is responsible for it?

2.      Identification of duplicate or partial duplicated information and information gathering and maintenance, with the potential realization of cost savings.

And then continue to the tag and taxonomy stage of knowledge management which consist primarily of assembling various information resource in some sort of portal like environment and making them available to the organization. After that, the knowledge has to deposit in the databases and retrieve from databases to learned, as a way to develop new knowledge or reuse the knowledge. According to the knowledge or information post, we may know, who is the expert. And when we know who is the expert, we can refers to them, to search information or knowledge and try to capture it. So we can be easily to get what knowledge that we need and want.

And then, organization should develop a Community of Practice, where groups or individuals with shared interest that come together in person or virtually to tell stories, discuss best practice and talk over lesson learned. In CoP, using the technology can be increase individuals or groups interest to discuss and share knowledge, because it can link geographically dispersed organizations. Finally, according, to the expertise location and CoP, we can make a matriks that describe a relation between each individuals or groups in knowledge sharing and knowledge developing, and who is always to be reference as a source of a knowledge.

Knowledge 'Acts'

Chapter 5^th of the book, “Knowledge Management (KM) in processes in Organization : Theoretical Foundations and Practice” that written by Claire R. Mc Inerney.

 

Question asking and answering, is a foundational process of human learn a tacit knowledge and begin to externalized the knowledge. Knowledge management as a tools which support the organization and management of dynamic complexity, it also need a support from the Information Management. Information Management has to be able addresses questions such as ’Where’, ‘Who’, ‘When’ and ‘What’, while the Knowledge Management targets problems involving dynamics complexity, addressing solution questions such as ‘How’ and ‘Why’. Another category of questions, ‘What-if’, that will create a possible way to solve the problem, further, it hopes to create a new knowledge.

Knowledge management, beside, as a tools that capture and share the knowledge, it also contributes content such  as lesson-learned, project experiences, and success stories as another approach to knowledge sharing. Many professional who use online communication and always accessing databases and discussion list, and it means that communications and contribution to the knowledge management process can be quicker and easier. Repository as a place that knowledge saved and manage, has to be update and maintenance in order to handle continuous streams of experience.

In this chapter, knowledge known as a content, that can be reuse, construct, and deposit to the repository. Furthermore, knowledge in the information flows, is a part of the central process to create a decision making activity. So, in that process, it would create several alternative choice, and decision outcomes then provide the backdrop upon which sense making, or justification, of decision rational occurs.

Conceptualizing Knowledge Emergence

Chapter 4^th of the book, “Knowledge Management (KM) in processes in Organization : Theoretical Foundations and Practice” that written by Claire R. Mc Inerney.

 

A.    Gatekeepers, Information, Stars, and Boundary Spanners

Gatekeepers is a words that used in Military, to explain how do militaru can gain their knowledge although they are so closely.  In much firm and organization, information flow always being done. It propose to gain knowledge in every department and division. But it’s different with Military that always closed in information share. In Allen’s study in Military’s Resource and Development and Procurement, he explain that military always oversaw and guarded the gates of information flow through which external information reached the projects. And then Allen use it words and explain its in sociometric stars. In Allen’s study, he categorize the information flow in two category, first in the large organization and second in a projects. The categorize are distinguish in several things there are:

a.       Extensive communication with their field outside of the organization

b.      Greater perusal of information sources, journals, etc., information mavens

c.       A high degree of connectedness with other information stars, one can infer that their utility was not just having more information at their fingertips, but knowing to whom to turn within the organization for further information.

One of the more intriguing of Allen’s findings, given the context and the nature of security restrictions, made less use of external consultants. The teams with better gatekeepers needed external consultant less, and consequently, used them less.

Information flow structure was not at all closely related to the formal organizational structure, and that the information stars did not map onto any consistent pattern of organizational placement or level. The relationship between formal organizational structure and the information flow structure also seems to be part a function of the larger corporate culture, where the information flow structure constrained to adapt itself to the formal organizational structure.

Tushman , further extended Allento examined development activities, both in departmental level and at the project level. And as the result, he introduced and added the concept of “boundary spanning” to describe very much the same phenomenon that Allen described as gatekeeping. Boundary spanners should be recognized, utilized, and nurtured for facilitating project success.

B.     Research Productivity and Knowledge

Relationship between research productivity and the information environment was being done. As the results, it found several categorize of the more productive companies, that characterized by:

a.       Relative egalitarian structure with unobstrusive status indicators

b.      Less concern with protecting proprietary information

c.       Greater openness to outside information

d.      Greater information systems development effort

e.       Greater end-user use of information systems and more encouragement of browsing and serendipity

C.     Lack of Recognition of These Findings in the Business Community

The lack of recognition of even obtuseness to the importance information and information related managerial actions in the business community. Many study propose for find the effectiveness and conduciveness in their business process, but none of them captured and use it as a non information related management behaviors measured had any discriminatory value. Here, given the inability to find any significance for other managerial factors, the failure to remark upon the importance of information and knowledge factors can truly be described as remarable.

D.    Community Based Models

Community of Practice is which descends logically, stream of development has been cited frequently as an important knowledge sharing model. This model is based on the premise that organizational members with similar interests or practices meet to discuss issues of mutual concern and to help each other solve problems.

Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS), were originally conceived of as collaborative tools where groups came together, participated in brainstorming and then, through human facilitations, voted on items and issues important to the organization. These system work well in a face-to-face situation where immediate feedback can be given and display. And then the development of this system using web based DSS vary in quality from the mundane to sophisticated tools such as diagnosing illness and suggesting appropriate.

After all of the process, knowledge management continued to the repository system, that is a space to store and retrieve knowledge objects has long been a standard in KM programs. Consider the knowledge, knowledge in organizations as socially distributed collective activity systems, and emphasizes the significance of incoherence and dilemma as the key issues in social systems.

My Ability in Information System

In the name of Allah.

In my study about knowledge management, we have to explain and mention, what ability that we have as a student in Information System study. And there are several ability that I have, I hoope it will be rewarding for all. And in this sessions, not only my ability in IS that I want to tell to you, but also my soft ability. And these my ability:

Information System skills :

      1.       Coding

a.       This ability, I get when I am in second years in Islamic State University. And then I continue to get some training in a workshop in Telkom Institute Technology, in Bandung. I can make a program using J                                ava language programming.

      2.       Analysis

a.       This ability I get in my study in Information System. As a result from my study, now I can doing an analysis in business system, information system and how to manage a system and how to maka a design of Information System with Unified Modelling Language(UML).

      3.       Database

a.       This ability I get in my second years in Islamic State University, as a result, I can made a database using Ms Access, Sql and now I am learning to make a data warehouse. But it is constraining in make the Database, and to generate or relation the database, I guess, I have to more learn and study.

      4.       Networking

a.       This ability I get when I am in my second years in Islamic State University. In my study, I learn to make a design for the network; make a communication between several computer; configuration IP, subnet mask, DNS IP broadcast and VPN and last, how to remote the other computer.   

Soft skills :

     1.       Marketing

     2.       Communication

     3.       Leadership

a.       Leader in Japan club  when I was in 89 State Senior High School, Jakarta (2008)

b.      Leader in some project in my study.

     4.       Design Graphic

     5.       Drawing Manga (Japanese Cartoon)

     6.       Teaching (Elementary and Junior High School in Math, Science and English subject)

Iran Nuclear Crisis and the murder of Iran Nuclear Scientist in Knowledge Management Perspective

     Iran nuclear foundation had developed in March 5^th,  1957 that purposed to made a peaceful supply energy for Iran. And then, in 1974, Shah Reza Pahlevi as Iran leader approved the proposed to developed Iran nuclear technology in Bushehr with American help. This considered had took, because the Shah, thought that oil is much too valuable to burn because, it is noble materials. So Iran, planned to filled their electrical supply by nuclear technology. And as a payment for the nuclear material and equipment, Iran had to shared their petroleum to the American and European country that help too. This project still developed until 1979, when Iran revolution done, when the shah chanced with iran new leader, he is Ayatollah, Iranian who hates American and want to free his country from incorporation with America, liked Iran purposed. And it  made many international nuclear cooperation cutted off, especially with American and several country in Europe. And the effect, several Nuclear reactors had been shutting down for several years. So, Iranian should meet a crisis energy era as the effect from it revolution.

     Untill in 1981, Iranian Governmental official conclude that developed nuclear technology should continue. And to fill the material and equipment for the nuclear reactors, Iran held a bilateral cooperation with China. And 1987 got aggrement with Argentina for the enrichment Uranium. But in 1980’s, a war between Iran and Irak was being held, that impact to this development, because when the war held, there are missils attacked one of Iran nuclear reactor. Fortunately, it wasn’t broke the reactor. In 1990’s, Rusia also formed joint Iran research organization to enriched Iran nuclear technology and supply. And five Russian institution like Russian Federal Space Agency also joint in Iran missils development.

     When American knew that Iran got a cooperation with Russian, American ask China and Argentina with his power, to stopped cooperation between them and Iran. But it didn’t get a respons from both of the country. And in 2003, Germany, France and UK, get an initiative step, to undertook diplomatic initiative to resolved question about Iran nuclear program. And as the result from it aggrement, Iran can get easier access to the modern technology to gain his nuclear program. And then Iran nuclear technology was successly built in several place. But in 2005, after Iran election, the new president of Iran stoped cooperation with three Europe country. And delay in this nuclear development held. But the problem continued, Iran can’t get supply for the equipment, and should made new aggrement to the other country. And Russian agree to fulfill the equipment. So in 2006, iran can enriched their nuclear anymore.

     And with the unrationable and unproofed fact. United Nation with several country, give Iran a sanction to stopped their cooperation with Iran, because there are rumors that Iran gained a Atomic Bomb Technology. But it won’t stopped Iran to gained their Nuclear technology and other armor and weapon technology as a weapon embargo until now.

     Now, iran become a new Super Power Islamic Republic, more then Turkey and the other Islamic country. Bilateral coordination that have been being held wit Russian and China, make American can’t stopped Iran, in this case Ahamadinejad’s authority. And Iran’s opposition country, such Israel was afraid with Iran power and Iran nuclear technology. And early 2012, when American want to interrupt in Suriah conflict, in Iran, China and Russian pressure, he can’t do anything. And it be one of reason, why Israel so angry and want to attack Iran. But in many considerable things, American suggest that Israel shouldn’t do that, although Israel still want to attack Iran.

     After this conflict, iran still powering their weapon such a missils and the other and gain their nuclear technology. Although, there are things that disturb and threated Iran nuclear scientist in develop the nuclear technology. In 2010, first murder of Iranian nuclear scientist, and than in November 29^th, 2011 there are two scientist murder and the first month in 2012, one of Iranian nuclear scientist murder again, and the same fact in their murder is their murdered by a magnetic bomb. It refers to Iran conflict with American and Israel, that two country which conflicted with Iran deny to comment that attacks. Although, many scientist was murder, but Vice President Iran said that the progress of Iran gain nuchlear still continue.

     In knowledge management perspective, Iran as a Big Unity or Organization of the Iranian people have a good strategy in gain their competition value. In 1957, when everyone have a traumatic syndrome in Hiroshima and Nagasaki attaked. Iran see this power such an alternative technology to chain their technology in produce electric supply for his own people. And to reach their purpose, Iran want to gain a coordination with othet country that have more experience and more knowledge. But when, their want to stop the coordination, Iran won’t stop his nuclear program and find the other country that want to join his nuclear program. Until he can develop his nuclear technology independently. In develop knowledge, it’s like a usual event, that our competitor in this case American and Israel afraid that Iran as their competitor more powerful than them. So many way that takes to stop Iran gain. But, with a good and all of Iranian spirit, the nuclear project still gain and live until know and start threads other superpower country.